Jonny

The Shaduf, a device used historically in Egypt and still in use in other water-deprived areas of Africa, is used to move water with minimal expenditure of energy. The shaduf is basically a lever with a counterweight on one side of the fulcrum, and a rope attached to a bucket on the other side. I built my Shaduf out of sticks, using plywood as a counterweight and as a base, and measuring cups for buckets.

//Use of a Shaduf depicted in Egypt// [] //Egyptian picture of man using Shaduf// []

//Real-World Use of a Shaduf// []

History of the Shaduf: The Shaduf was originally invented in ancient Mesopotamia to draw water from a well or a stream for irrigation purposes, and is still used in many parts of Africa and Asia(Columbia Encyclopedia). The Egyptians may have used a variant of the device to lift the stones used in the building of the pyramids. They used the Shaduf to move water from lower places, such as streams or wells, to higher, such as fields. Egyptian wall paintings depict the use of the Shaduf in irrigation. A Shaduf consists of a large pole balanced on a crossbeam; the pole acts as a lever and the beam acts as the pole's fulcrum (Barrow 1). A rope and bucket or similar container is attached to one end of the pole, with a counterweight made of clay or stone attached to the other. A farmer pulls on the rope to lower the bucket into the water, then uses the weight of the counterweight to draw the bucket up; he or she pulls on the weight, or the weight is heavy enough to lift the bucket by itself. The use of the Shaduf greatly increases the speed and efficiency with which water can be moved; up to 2,500 liters per day, or 2 liters per second (Wikipedia). Works Consulted " [|shaduf.] " __The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition__. 2008. //Encyclopedia.com.// 20 Sep. 2010. < [|http://www.encyclopedia.com] >. "Shadoof." __ Wikipedia: the Free Encyclopedia __. 2010. //Wikipedia.org.// 31 Aug. 2010. < []> "Ancient Egyptian Farming." __Ancient Egypt__. 1999. //Ancient Egypt//. 20 Sep. 2010. <[]>

Process Cutting the Wood

Whittling

Final Product

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 * Field Trip to Basilica and Cathedral**
 * Cathedral**

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**Synopsis:** Rome’s spirit: a Brief Study of the Roman Gladiator and His Effect on the Roman peoples

THESIS: Gladiatorial games were but a small segment of the greater Roman games and of Roman life, yet they represented Roman ideals and played an important role in Roman life and policy, acting as a form of appeasement for the poor and common and as political support for the rich and influential.  Summary The Roman Gladiators were trained fighters who performed in the Roman amphitheaters from 300 B.C. to 500 A.D., fighting both each other and wild animals, often to the death. Gladiators had to agree to forfeit their civil rights by oath and contract. The oath, called the “Gladiator’s Oath,” called for the Gladiator to be seen as the lowest class of society. The contract governed what weapons the gladiator used, how often they performed, wages per fight, and medical care and living conditions. The Roman spectacles were a public display of primarily military power. Roman society placed great emphasis on physical endurance and courage because it was a marital society who had gained its wealth through military campaigns. Gladiators embodied the Roman virtues of bravery, quest for glory, and the contempt of death. Attending the gladiatorial games was one of the practices that went with being Roman. Activities that took place in the Roman theater, however, were not originally Roman at all. Some historians believe the idea of gladiators came from the Greeks, who held fights, contests, games and sacrifices. The gladiatorial games took an active role in the commission and construction of buildings, where the Roman State used gladiatorial games and other forms of entertainment as appeasement for the common people of Italy who faced increasingly grave social and economic problems, separated by a large economic rift from the upper classes. The games came to an end somewhere between 400 and 1200 A.D. The Gladiatorial contests, however, continue to stand as a historical testament to the spirit, traditions and politics of Ancient Rome. They played a crucial role in the lives of not only the gladiators, but of those they entertained, of those they won the support of, and of those they garnered power for. 3 sources Kohne, Eckart, Cornelia Ewigleben, and Ralph Jackson. "Bread and Circuses: the Politics of Entertainment." //Gladiators and caesars: the power of spectacle in ancient Rome//. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000. 8-31. Print.

//Pompeii - The Last Day/Colosseum - A Gladiator's Story//. Dir. Peter Nicholson. Perf. Jamel Aroui, Lotfi Dziri, Jeffrey Gibson. BBC Warner, 2003. Film.

Wiedemann, Thomas E. J. //Emperors and gladiators//. Taylor & Francis e-Library ed. London: Routledge, 2002. Print.

"Just look at the gladiators, either debased men or foreigners, and consider the blows they endure! Consider how they who have been well-disciplined prefer to accept a blow than ignominiously avoid it! How often it is made clear that they consider nothing other than the satisfaction of their master or the people! Even when they are covered with wounds they send a messenger to their master to inquire his will. If they have given satisfaction to their masters, they are pleased to fall. What even mediocre gladiator ever groans, ever alters the expression on his face? Which one of them acts shamefully, either standing or falling? And which of them, even when he does succumb, ever contracts his neck when ordered to receive the blow? And yet I realize that in our country, even in the good old times, it had become a settled custom to expect magnificent entertainments from the very best men in their year of aedileship. So both Publius Crassus, who was not merely surnamed "The Rich" but was rich in fact, gave splendid games in his aedileship; and a little later Lucius Crassus (with Quintus Mucius, the most unpretentious man in the world, as his colleague) gave most magnificent entertainments in his aedileship." From Cicero to Atticus.

Marcus Tullius Cicero: Roman statesman, lawyer, scholar, and writer who vainly tried to uphold republican principles in the final civil wars that destroyed the republic of Rome. His writings include books of rhetoric, orations, philosophical and political treatises, and letters.  He is remembered in modern times as the greatest Roman orator and innovator of what became known as Ciceronian rhetoric. This quote provides a first-hand account on gladiatorial bravery and of political involvement by magistrates.



Interactive: I communicated with Andrew Shaplan from the British Museum and Evans from the University of Minnesota. Shaplan and Evans submitted the following sources:

Meijer, F. 2003. The Gladiators: History’s Most Deadly sport (Souvenir Press)  Shadrake, S. 2005. The World of the Gladiator. (Tempus) Wisdom, S. 2001. Gladiators, 100BC – AD 200 (Osprey) Wiedemann, T. 1992. Emperors and Gladiators (Routledge) Köhne, E. & Ewigleben, C. 2000. Gladiators and Caesars (British Museum Press – exhibition catalogue) See also http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ ancient/romans/ http://www.ancient-rome.com/ Emails: Greek Bronze Age Curator Department of Greece and Rome British Museum Great Russell Street London WC1B 3DG Tel: +44 (0)20 7323 8411 Email: ashapland@thebritishmuseum.ac. uk **evans002@umn.edu**